The Brainiacs

 A battery is a self-contained, chemical power pack that can produce a limited amount of electrical energy wherever it's needed. Unlike normal electricity, which flows to your home through wires that start off in a power plant, a battery slowly converts chemicals packed inside it into electrical energy, typically released over a period of days, weeks, months, or even years.

 Resistor Calculations requires color code charts for resistor value calculations. For fast and efficient calculations of resistors color codes from values or vice versa we can use free online tool available at nevonexpress.com > resistor color code calculator

 A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it. Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. They are also used in some electrical products, such as passive switch boxes. Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both once popular but now rarely used. PCBs require additional design effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Specialized CAD software is available to do much of the work of layout. Mass-producing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired in one op

 A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive force or "voltage" across a second coil wound around the same core. An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of external power supply, often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Other common names include plug pack, plug-in adapter, adapter block, domestic mains adapter, line power adapter, wall wart, power brick, and power adapter.

Multimeter is needed for testing of electronics pcb based projects for voltage, connectivity and other issues.  Soldering iron is used along with soldering accessories to ensure proper connectivity between components and the pcb surface and ensure proper working of the system.

                                There is a huge need of security most especially in homes, work places, military area, borders. There has always been a high demand for security systems that could protect man, property, boundaries of nations. This project aims to provide surveillance in highly sensitive areas like border areas, terrorist hotspots without having to risk human life for the same.   In this project, we use a raspberry pi which is controlled via an Android Bluetooth app and a 360-degree night vision camera for surveillance purpose. The camera provides a live stream of the video that it captures which can be seen in an android app as well. The App for the camera also a complete 360-degree rotation providing complete surveillance, also featuring provision saving video as well as the audio.   The Spy robot chassis powered by a Raspberry Pi is interfaced with a Bluetooth module that communicates with an android app which sends direction controls to the chassis.

  What is embedded system? An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. An embedded system is a microcontroller-based, software driven, reliable, real-time control system, autonomous, or human or network interactive, operating on diverse physical variables and in diverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost conscious market. An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing, not a software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific application. High-end embedded & lower end embedded systems. High-end embedded system - Generally 32, 64 Bit Controllers used with OS. Examples Personal Digital Assistant and Mobile phones etc .Lower end embedded systems - Generally 8,16 Bit Controllers used with an minimal operating systems and hardware layout designed for the specific purpose.

  •         An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product other than a computer. •         They will encounter a number of difficulties when writing embedded system software in addition to those we encounter when we write applications –        Throughput – Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short period of time. –        Response –Our system may need to react to events quickly –        Testability –Setting up equipment to test embedded software can be difficult –        Debugability –Without a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the software is doing wrong (other than not working) is a troublesome problem –        Reliability – embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without human intervention –        Memory space – Memory is limited on embedded systems, and you must make the software and the data fit into whatever memory exists –        Program installation – you will need special tools to get your software into embedded systems –  

  1)      Military and aerospace embedded software applications 2)      Communication Applications 3)      Industrial automation and process control software 4)      Mastering the complexity of applications. 5)      Reduction of product design time. 6)      Real time processing of ever increasing amounts of data. 7)      Intelligent, autonomous sensors.

  Real Time Systems. RTS is one which has to respond to events within a specified deadline. A right answer after the dead line is a wrong answer.

  Hard Real Time Systems Soft Real Time System

"Hard" real-time systems have very narrow response time. Example: Nuclear power system, Cardiac pacemaker.

  "Soft" real-time systems have reduced constrains on "lateness" but still must operate very quickly and repeatable. Example: Railway reservation system – takes a few extra seconds the data remains valid.

Raspberry pi Bluetooth module Night vision camera Motor driver IC Crystal Oscillator Resistors Capacitors Transistors Cables and Connectors Diodes PCB and Breadboards LED Push Buttons Switch IC  IC Sockets

FEATURES   • Output Current up to 1A  • Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V  • Thermal Overload Protection  • Short Circuit Protection  • Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection    DESCRIPTION  The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a Wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and current

 A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased switches, though even many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require a spring to return to their un-pushed state. Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of the button, such as press, depress, mash, and punch. Uses:  In industrial and commercial applications push buttons can be linked together by a mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing one button causes the other button to be released. In this way, a stop button can "force" a start button to be released. This method of linkage is used in simple manual operations in which the machine or process have no electrica

 Features:  ➢ Wide supply-voltage range: 4.5V to 36V  ➢ Separate input- logic supply  ➢ Internal ESD protection  ➢ Thermal shutdown  ➢ High-Noise-Immunity input  ➢ Functional Replacements for SGS L293 and SGS L293D  ➢ Output current 1A per channel (600 mA for L293D)  ➢ Peak output current 2 A per channel (1.2 A for L293D)  ➢ Output clamp diodes for Inductive Transient Suppression(L293D) DESCRIPTION:  L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors. L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will r

 A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity. In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).   Every DC motor h

 Outputs of one gate can be connected to inputs of another within the same chip or to another chip as long as they share the same ground. The figure to the left illustrates a basic circuit showing how to wire inputs and using LEDs to display outputs. The 7404 is an inverting buffer, especially useful when the output of one circuit cannot sink much current. A computer's parallel port is a notorious example and can easily be damaged by excessive current draw. Each of the parallel ports outputs can be connected to one of the six inputs on the 7404 hex inverter chip. However, more than one 7404 will be needed to interface all of the parallel port pins NOT GATE Logic-Rules:  The output is the inverse of the input, in other words if the input is HIGH then the out put is LOW and if the input is LOW the output is HIGH. Features:  Output Drive Capability - 10 LSTTL Loads  Outputs Directly Interface to CMOS, NMOS and TTL  21 Large Operating Voltage Range  Low Input Current  High Noi

  A light-emitting diode ( LED ) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting . When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons .   This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm 2 ), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption , longer lifetime , improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting , automotive lighting as well as in traffic signals . The comp

  Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier. Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode. 1. Maximum forward current capacity 2. Maximum reverse voltage capacity 3. Maximum forward voltage capacity The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes available in the market are as follows: ·    Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum forward current capacity of 1 Amp. ·    Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this diode of more capacity can be used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of low capacity cannot be used in place of diode of high capacity. For example, in place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be used but IN4001 or IN4002 cannot be used in place of IN4007.The diode BY125made by company BEL is equivalent of diode from IN4001 to IN4003. BY 126 is

       A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law:                                               V = IR Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are extremely commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).      The primary characteristics of resistors are their resistance and the power they can dissipate. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials constituting the resistor as well